Purple Paragraph- Appreciation and loyalty are ways of people showing their gratitude. Due to all the effort put in by the cooperators the people wanted to show their loyalty and appreciation toward the cooperation. For example, one way they showed how much they appreciated the Union; more than 70% of the residents still live there. People find the apartments to be like "paradise" in the sense that they have no reason what so ever to leave. Based on the document "Model Tenemants Nearly All Rented," another way they showed the appreciation was by filling up the tenemants to almost a 100% which definetly shows how happy people were by the Amalgamated Housing Cooperation and mostly the cooperators.Overall, the Amalgamted Clothing Workers of America Cooperation was and still is one of the most important cooperations known and even the people are aware of how important and helpful the cooperation has been and how much effort that has been put in by them and cooperators have shown their appreciation and loyalty in different ways.
Blue Paragraph- Throughout time the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America started showing how effective the cooperation can be. They showed this by all of the physical expansion and changes made for the benefits of the cooperators. The cooperation wanted to look for the best of the best for everyone including the new people arriving to the amalgamted or even new immigrants arriving. According to the document "New Law Starts Housing Projects," the cooperation was looking for the best things to satisfy the needs of the new- upcoming people and also the alreday existing people. For example, the complexes were built to show complete stability in the community. The complexes were also built to the easy access to places such as, Van Cortland Park, Dewitt Clinton High School, Public School 95, and also close to the IRT and independent subway lines. All of these changes made showed the effort and the strive to make the Amalgmated Housing Cooperation a place of comfort for everyone. The expanison of the cooperation came to an inmense rise. The Union took the cooperators needs to a serious manner.
Blue Paragraph II- Countinuing on with all the positive changes made by the Union to satisfy the needs and requirements of the cooperators the housing cooperative expanded to allow more residents to join in previously occupied areas. Going along with more of the expansion going on a sixth bulding was already on its way after the five successful buldings of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America Coorperation opened in honor of the Union workers opened on Christmas Day in 1927. "Model Houses Viewed" was the document which showed how effectively and all of the plans that were going to take place in order to make benefits to the housing complexes. "When completed, the houses will contain an auditorium, lecture room, library, and other rooms devoted to community enterprises." This shows how the Amalgamated Clothing Workers Cooperation took into consideration the needs of the cooperators and all the other people entering the Amalgamated and wanted to make as many positive changes as possible to create a better living space for all. Introduction Paragraph- Today's world is filled with absolutism, and control freaks, who govern and make all decisions for the people, so their opinions ultimately mean nothing. But a little while ago (about 75 years), the chain of cruelty was broken, and an organization was created only for the benefit of the people. It was run by a Union, a group of people dedicated to provide better living, pay, and treatment for the people involved. It was called the Amalgamated Coop, and because of it's revolutionary "laws created by the cooperators for the betterment of the group" plan, it is still in existance today.
Green Paragraph- Paragraph I: Upon moving into the Coop from the Lower West Side, immigrants, usually Jewish, found themselves in the lap of luxury, being offered so many new and exiting choices to take up their time. One of those choices was to become more active communally in the community. The new residents, though now having choices, did not disregard their past. Many comming from communism decided that they would be used to that style of governing. So they elected a leader that represented that branch of government. But they were no soursports. They knew the feeling of defeat, after some came to "the promised land" and found that the streets were not, in fact, paved with gold. They felt for the losing party, and the moment of their victory, sent condolenses and "great job, better luck next time" 's to the losing side. Remember now, they did not have the opportunity to have such an impact on how they would like to be lead. So their taking advantage of this opportunity to become more active in the community is one way the community as a whole demonstrated how the idea of this kind of a neighborhood could be unprecedented, and have a significant mark on history.
Paragraph II: Some other communal opportunities offered to the new awe-filled residents of the Amalgamated were many different clubs, with something for everyone to be involved in. For the women, there was the program committee, sewing clubs, knitting clubs (which are still in full swing), and tending to a garden they now had the opportunity to own, which would let them grow what ever they felt they would need, such as flowers to beautify, or vegetables to nourish. For the men, there were concerts and lectures they could attend, besides the community hall (still in it's glory) where they could schedule events by themselves for their friends and family to attend, for special occasions. The children had no worries as well. There were more than one park nearby, but there was no reason to go to them. The streets, clean of garbage, were the perfect play-area for most children, and they played stickball, catch, kickball, rode bikes, played frisbee, and more. They could also stay out later playing where before they needed to come home at a specific time, as it was a matter of safety, which they didn't have. Now they could stay out, until after the street light turned on, and be called in by their mothers through the clean secure windows, to their homes.
Responsibilties, completed or to be completed...
Sashey: Intro paragraph, Purple-topic derived paragraph, Blue-topic derived paragraph
Rachel: Intro paragraph, Green-topic derived paragraph
Green: Two paragraphs- opportunities, of communal AND physical things. Blue: Physical expansion or changes made for cooperators Red: Politcs and finances Purple: appreciation or loyalty
Tribute to Milani Lawrence. The following date and time represents the last time the group members working dilligently on this page came into contact with Milani, even if not directly. We mourn the absense of our friend and groupmate, and hope she has coffee what ever planet she is on, so she can wake up and realize that we need her. And Chuck. And the Institute. And Kaplan, etc. Feb 26, 2008 4:33 pm Goodbye Milani. -Sashey Pimentel and Rachel Margolin
Information for our Radial Web: Amalgamated Cooperative in Bronx Ready to Open 151 New Apartments
The housing cooperative expanded to allow for more residents to join in the previously occupied area.
They are scheduled to build another in favor with their current residents in the vicinity.
Because of all the helpful building being undertaken by the Union, more than 70% of the residents still live there, showing that this was beneficial to not only the people living there themselves, evidence by the fact that they have not left, but also to the Union, as their housing projects were a success and the people who find themselves living there are in paradise, and have no reason to leave.
For a Working-Class Dream, a New Day
"Many new residents were recent immigrants, members of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers Union, who were fleeing the squalor of the Lower East Side. To them, their new home in the north Bronx looked like Shangri-La."
It is evident that the cooperators needs were undertaken by the Union by the Union's expansion from 303 households to 1,500 with a three-year waiting list in no time flat.
The housing complexes were maintained by the Union, which was a non-for-profit organization, meaning good for cooperators, AND people in charge of cooperators.
Flats for Workers
This article somewhat implies that the Union relied on the cooperator's opinions because they thought them influential and used those opinions to come up with better ways to improve the apartments the Amalgamated provided for all types of people, whether they be union workers, or non-union workers.
Opens Bronx Homes for Union Workers
Five buildings the ACWA had already erected in their (the Union workers) honor were already tenanted when they were officially opened on Christmas Day in 1927, and a sixth was on it's way.
Leftists Win ALP Vote
After the Leftists won the vote by an overwhelming 600 votes to 150, because of their background, they immediately phenotyped a peace offering to the Right wing, saying that they had put up a good fight, and they respected that. This proves that because the voters had come from places of hardship, when they voted, they voted for a better life run by people they thought could bring change, something they had never been offered the opportunity to rally for.
After the elections took place, and the results were completely comprehended, Hillman stated, "The vote in today's election shatters the fiction, carefully developed by the party leadership, that if they were defeated it would be as a result of a Communist vote. No one will believe their nonsense that such a great section of the ALP electorate which voted them out of office today is Communist. As every honest man and woman knows, they are bone fide members of trade unions genuine liberals and progressives, farmers and middle class. To call them Communists was only a desperate attempt to befog the issues in the primaries just concluded in order to maintain power at all costs." With this statement, he showed that althought the voters decided to have Communism run them for awhile, they were mainly voting for the ideas of that party, and not their military or political background. Perhaps they even liked that style of governernment, as it is most structured, and many of the people voting had come from an area in the world to the Houses from Communistic rule. This proves that the background of the people who moved into the Houses, and were finally given the priviledge to vote, had an impact on the government and eventually laws by voting for a person/people they thought could give them the best way of living.- Sashey: Don't write down anything before "With this statement...".
Kazan appointed Hillman to fix the issue of needing more housing. With the above statement, and the confidence needed to say such a thing, he did absolutely complete his task. (In my opinion)
Housing Project Brings New Life to Workers
"The Amalgamated 'Folly'"
Opportunities were given to the people who moved into the Amalgamated, such as the opportunity to have their child go to a private kindergarten, even one in their building, and attend various classes, and join groups, and clubs, that would appeal to women and men, such as the program committee for women, the park for children, and the men to concerts and lectures. The Amalgamated, by offering such different and fantastic opportunities to the future owners of their own apartment, understood the background of the cooperators, and therefore made an environment for them that would be not only hospitable to their needs, but also fulfilling what ever want they may have throughout their stay in the neighborhood, such as the various activities that can be attended in the community, and the positioning of the places where the cooperators will stay; the windows of every kitchen where most women spent the majority of their time is outward, to the flowery, airy, shrub lined lawns and coartyards that put the spark of interest in the outlook of the Housing Projects.
Model Houses Viewed
"When completed, the houses will contain ...[sic]... an auditorium, lecture room, library, and other rooms devoted to community enterprises." The importance of this completion with all it's goodies is the attention the Amalgamated Clothing Workers Union is paying to the people who have come to do open house in the not yet completed Houses. This proves that the people who designed and contructed the projects were thinking of the people migrating from the Lower East Side while building, and their needs, and thing they would not ordinarily have, to give it to them. This is the influence (from our TQR), in a nutshell.
Model Tenements Nearly All Rented
The people showed their appreciation of the Amalgamated Housing's effort by flocking in great numbers and filling up the tenements to nearly %100, which tells the Union that not only did they get it right in predicting what the cooperators would want in a housing development, but it also shows that they people were overly satisfied, and happy about it.
New Law Starts Housing Project
Sidney Hillman left the company, upon his death, to a successor. This successor, as explained here, is suprisingly NOT Abraham E. Kazan, but another man, Jacob S. Potofsky, but this man became director, and, as Kazan knew what the people would want, because the organization leader, directly taking Sidney Hillman's place. Looking for the greatest opportunities for the community, atleast half of the new apartments will be reserved, according to Kazan, for veterans. This is beneficial to all of the cooperators, and it shows how very revolutionary the Amalgamated Houses are in the history of housing complexes, as not only are they taking a risk by letting out half of the apartments to the elderly, and the veterans, but they helped to establish the new law that said that organizations could take up to 6% in income for the company as to withstand the idea that it is not-for-profit. Extremely beneficial for the people who live in those houses.
Looking for the best things for the new people arriving in the community and those who are already there, the complexes were built for easy access to everything a new immigrant, and even a person striving for what ever they can get, needs, such as the closeness to Van Cortlandt Park, P.S. 95, De Witt Clinton High School, and it's nearness to the IRT and Independence subway lines. It is built on 7 acres of land.
Rent Rebates Declared
Oh, this is deffinitely for the people! The first line in this document/article is that the tenants in the Houses get rent rebates that amount to almost $30,000 (by both the Houses in the Bronx, and the ones in Manhattan). The actual amount is $21,175, which is such an amazing amount, meaning that the non-profit organization that runs it is thinking ONLY of the tenants, and their hardships, and is contributing toward solving the problem of the families not having as much money as they could, and working hard jobs in the Union, or out of it. This development comes out 17 years after the complexes were first built. This is extraordinarily revolutionary, meaning no organizations in the past had thought SOLELY of the people!
Opens Bronx Homes for Union Workers
NOTE: include how drastic the change was from the slums to the Amalgamated Housing Projects
Representative F. H. LaGuardia characterized the completion as "the greatest step forward in housing improvement ever made in this city".
T/Q/R: We are studying the cooperator's influence on the laws and regulations of the Union because we want to prove how unprecedented the movement was on the history of housing complexes.
(T)Topic: We are studying...
The people and how they were treated by the organization
The way the organization was changed by the people
The changes the organization had to make because of the people and for the people
The changes the organization itself went through from the 1920s to the 1950s
How the organization has impacted us today
"We are studying the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America's relationship with cooperators and how the history of those cooperators affected the way they were treated later by the 'union' organization as a whole."
(Q)Question: ...Because we want to prove how/why...
Why was the organization formed?
Why is it considered important (or non) and beneficial (or not) for people?
How has the organization changed over time?
How and why were people affected by this organization?
If they were affected, were they influenced positively to continue to promote the organization itself?
Why does the organization have an important (or not) aspect in history?
How is knowing about this organization beneficial to us personally and how have we learned in so much depth about this organization?
(R)Rationale: ...In order to understand how/why/what
The organization treated them fairly
Research questions for primary and secondary documents
-Sashey
What is a housing cooperative? Why was it considered so innovative?
-Milani
Answer to Q#2: A housing cooperative is, as described by trusty wikipedia, as a legal entity, usually a corporation, that owns real estate; one or more residential buildings. The full description is through this link : Definition of a Housing Cooperative
I think it was (or is) considered so innovative because since it was owned by a corperation, or business, the neccessities of the people living within the coop or group owned by the corperation are treated with business-like impromptu. If a pipe leaks, it's fixed because it would delay business agreement between managers and residents. Because of that, each housing cooperative will flourish because of the business relationship that enhances each neighborhood.
Title: Amalgamated Cooperative in Bronx Ready to Open 151 New Apartments
Remembered notes:
The Amalgamated's carrying charges went up in 1927 to $15 dollars a room from $12 dollars a room
Stores are opening around the Amalgamated; not all are in the union.
OUTSTANDING WORK!!!!
Keep plowing through the secondary source material. Each of you should have completed the reading, using the Topic/Main Idea/Important Detail format for note-taking. If you have not done so, you want to finish this up IMMEDIATELY. Since none of you read all the secondary sources, you will need to more collaboratively to create a full chronology of the construction and development of the Amalgamated Housing
I'm very pleased with the work I'm seeing on this page!
Chuck
-Information from Opens Bronx Homes for Union Workers (summary)
In article from NY Times, published on December 26, 1927, at the referred to dinner, which is the exact one I was talking about in this link (http://www.amalgamated-bronx.coop/roosevelt.html), one of the speakers, Representative F. H. Laguardia characterized the completion of the unit as "the greatest step forward in housing improvement ever made in this city". Fiorello H. Laguardia is talking about the project that was completed that put 303 families in homes that rented for $11 a room. The reason for the dinner was to congratulate everyone on the success of almost completely filling up 5 out of 6 buildings made by the Amalgamated Clothing Workers. Those buildings are 5 stories in height, and are located a block from Van Cortlandt Park South between Dickinson and Sedgwick Avenues. Attending the dinner, are about 500 people, the dinner of which is located at Ambassador Hall, Third Avenue, and Claremont Parkway. The cost to raise the building was $1,825,000. The purchasing price for a room is $500, and rent is only $11. Credit for financing goes to the Amalgamated Clothing Workers National Bank and the Jewish Daily Forward. The Union says that just because you don't work in the clothing industries doesn't mean you can't live there. These buildings are all newly refinished with showers, running water, electricity, gas stoves, and so on, as in "new" for the 1930s or so. Each building has a music room, reception room, and gymnasium. Other speakers at the reception were United States Circuit Judge Julian Mack , Justice Jacob Panken, and the President of ACWA, Sidney Hillman, information of whom is below. The toastmaster position was performed by the President of the ACW National Bank, Adolph Held. A really nice summary!! I especially like the way you link the information from the newspaper article to previously discovered material. This skill will come in handy in the next phase of the project. Continue to keep track of names. It might not be a bad idea to create a chart on this page that includes a person's name, the organization(s) with which he/she is affiliated, and the name/date of the source where you found the information. This will make it easier for you to find the information when it comes time to write the first draft of your essay. Remember also to include any questions that come to mind as you read through the information.
Secondary Source Information on Amalgamated Housing: The History of a Pioneer Cooperative 1927 Bronx, New York
Title: Amalgamated Housing: The History of a Pioneer Co-Operative 1927
Main Idea: Workers began to organize; they looked to unions; to protect them [sic] and improve their lot in life
Details: (directly from the article, page one)
At the turn of the last century a vast influx of immigrants moved into the Lower East Side¹
Poor people were housed in squalid, overcrowded, walk up tenements [sic] no sunlight or ventilation
Shared toilets
bathtubs in the kitchen
large number of whom were Jews, labored in the sweatshops of the needle trades [sic] deplorable work situations
living and working in equally desperate circumstances
reaction to [sic] conditions I'm confused by this point. Are the following bullets examples of the Amalgamated's reaction to conditions? The immigrants' reaction to conditions? What were some of the reactions to conditions? Further explanation might be needed here.
Amalgamated Clothing Workers Union (See above)
World War I [sic] decent shelter continued to be in short supply
no new building [sic] lack of construction materials [sic] labor
landlords [sic] in control [sic] took advantage of their captice tenants [sic] raising rents and evicting people who could not afford to meet the new rates
veterans, wanting to marry and have children, returned home [sic] need for more housing
landlords were not [sic] to give up these profit generating tenements and continued buying and selling property, giving themselves permission to raise rents at will² I am a bit confused by your use of [sic]. I am having trouble identifying an error in the grammar/spelling/syntax that would require the use of [sic].
turned out onto the street with all of their belongings legt at the curb
organizing rent strikes Who was organizing rent strikes? A bit more explanation may be helpful here.
took the indomitable³ tenants to court for non-payment of rent
glutted with such cases
president of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers Union was Sidney Hillman You seem to be shifting to a different topic here. It may be helpful to indicate this by indenting or using a new organizing pattern. Not a major problem. just something that may make your notes easier to sue.
innovative labor leader and champion of worker's rights [sic] version of collectice bargaining [sic] industrial democracy
not sufficient to provide workers with better working conditions without finding a way to improve [sic] living conditions
appointed the director of the Amalgamated Cret Union, Abraham Kazan, to come up with a plan to solve the housing shortage [sic] middle and low income workers Another shift in topic.
Kazan was a Russian socialist, progressive thinker, cultered, intelligent, financially concervative, commited How might Kazan's background have influenced his work on the Amalgamated Housing project? A good example of a question for further research if the answer is not provided by the document's author.
" had idea of setting up non-profit organization for affordable housing
concept was three legged stool⁴
buy shares in cooperation which would give them stake...own a piece...not individual apartments...could not sell shares...could only sell back to cooperation...guaranteed shares would be repurchased when moving out by coop
Questions:
¹Why did they leave to go to NYC? Why during all this time did the need for housing not arouse more interest? GREAT example of a further research questions!!!
²Shouldn't land lords have been open to the idea of more housing? Because then there would be more people to scam...
³What does indomitable mean?
⁴What were the "three legs" of the "stool"? (Besides shares.)
Observation and note to remember: Hillman, Sidney, appointed Kazan, Abraham, to be director, and fix problem of needing more housing
-In the web-link from Franklin Roosevelt, from the Amalgamated Houses page, in the letter on that link, is the name Charles P. Steinmetz, who Roosevelt reffered to as a brilliant mind, and knew of him well enough to quote him directly, and enthusiastically, I might add. Where, when, why, how, did the future president meet up with a scientist, and devote time to learning of him, and enough to memorize quotes? Was there some kind of meeting of some sort that Governor Roosevelt obtained with Scientist/Mr. Steinmetz? Why was Mr. Steinmetz talking about cooperation in the one quote Roosevelt sent to Mr. Liebman in a letter from Georgia? Why did Roosevelt decide to use Mr. Steinmetz' quote? Very confusing, as well as interesting... A good example of thoughtful speculation. You may stumble upon data that may help you answer this question in later material. Will you recall the question as you read later material? Would a reorganizing of your notes here, adding a section for questions to ponder, help you keep this question in mind?
Here is the first page of a 26 page article written by John M. Jordan, about Mr. Steinmetz' achievements, comparing him to Thomas Edison, in the 1930s: Page 1 of Article written by John M. Jordan about Charles P. Steinmetz
-Just found out-- Governor Franklin Delano Roosevelt was succeded by Lieutenant Governor Lehman, the same Herbert H.(Henry) Lehman who the college was eventually named after. It is official...
-Even more brilliant discovery- The page itself is an overview of Herbert H. Lehman, but the way I got there was clicking on a link to Eleanor Roosevelt, and papers she personally wrote. One point made in the article was that he was actually in a sort of control of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, from 1943 to 1946. More to come. Have you shared this link with the research team that is working on the United Nations Security Council at Hunter College? The essay may contain information they team can use. E. Roosevelt leads to H. Lehman?
-Unbelievable discovery!!! I found the information linking the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America and not only the future president Governor Franklin Delano Roosevelt, but also the infamous Lehman, also identified here as Office of the Lieutenant Governor Lehman, and referred to in the records of ArchiveGrid.org, which has historical sources from thousands of archives. Although I can't get the information off of the website without joining, it gives me a timeline to work from. Here's the link- Link between ACWA and Governor FDR Oh and by the way, the research strand started with the primary source document, the link in the Amalgamated Houses page under the name of the amalgamated website slash roosevelt. NICE job follow the research string! Please remind me of the website. If it contains useful documents, I may set up a membership for the Kingspark History Project. Thanks for bringing it to my attention.
-Under the secondary sources on the main Amalgamated Houses page, under the title of Amalgamated Houses, The History, the article talks about Sidney Hillman as the leader and founder of the organization. Here's some more info on Sidney Hillman: Sidney Hillman Information (Research strand)
... That information distilled:
-Sidney Hillman lived from 1887 to 1946, a lifespan of 59 years. In those years, he founded an organization called the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America (ACMA). That program now is called UNITE!. He was the president from 1914 to 1946. He wanted more for workers, and better relationships between employers and workers. He made the two priorities within the ACMA education and political action. He wanted services to be offered to the workers both on and off the job, such as providing a wide variety of benefits and community services (direct quote).
-He was born in Zagare, Lithuania, part of the greater Russian federation, on March 23 of 1887. He was the son of a merchant (Hillman) and a shopkeeper (Paikin). At 14 he left home to become a rabbi, and then got caught up in the revolutionary movement. He left school, and joined an illegal Jewish trade union. He was arrested twice, and spent months in jail. After, he fled the country going to England (Manchester) and then America (Chicago), in 1907. He became an appprentice cutter in a garment factory, probably where he learned business skills and working with other people in an environment where the goal is not freedom, but employment itself. When a strike arose in 1910, as a revolt against the long hours and brutal conditions (direct quote), he tagged along with about a dozen women workers to become one of the strikes leading spokes-people. He had his employers recognize a a law of the United Garment Workers (UGW), and "agreed to settle future disputes by arbitration". He was rewarded for his contribution to the UGW by becoming a business agent for the new local. He served the organization with Jane Addams, Clarence Darrow, and other reformers who influenced Hillman's "evolving ideas about industrial democracy and the role of the unions". Do you have dates for the above activities? If so, you may want to include them here. Information like this should be included in the chart of characters mentioned above.
-He met his wife, Bessie Abramowitz in the 1910 strike, and they were married. She gave him two daughters.
-He was dissatisfied with the UGW and left with some others to form their own national organization (direct quote), the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America, and the rest is history!
-Important new development! Lieutenant Governer Lehman (still don't know the connection between this man and whether he was the man the college was named after) was taking a particular interest in the housing cooperation. Roosevelt says in the letter and hints that he is only really trying to make the world he lives in a better place... starting with the neighborhood. Why? Is there a hidden connection between the conspicuous Lehman and the Union? Nice question! Now that you've done a bit more reading, can you answer this question? You may want to include a parenthetical citation with the document name and the number of the page where you found the answer.
-I just found more information on Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who became president. Before he campaigned, he was the Governer of New York State, meaning that the Governer must have had some kind of special interest in the new housing complex that went up for the union clothing workers. In the letter (in the following link), he praises the cooperation for the peace and unity in the new housing complex. In that letter, there is a mention of a Lieutenant Governer Lehman, emphasis on the last name, Lehman, possibly the same Lehman who then had a college and then university named after him. I wonder if he is... and why would Governer eventually to be President mention his name in a letter with The Amalgamated in mind? Was he trying to put a good word in for the guy? I do understand the Governer's relation with Lieutenant Governer, but it seems in the letter that he put a certain importance on his name. Why?
This site has a bunch of information as well as many links to other sites. http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/EAD/htmldocs/KCL05619.html
-On the most recently posted site there was a list of names. There were two in particular, one of which pertains to Herbert H. Lehman, who is the "founder" (or so the website refers to him) of Lehman College. The other name is familiar to all of us: the "founder" (once again, faulty reference) of Laguardia High School.
La Guardia, Fiorello H. (Fiorello Henry), 1882-1947.
Lehman, Herbert H. (Herbert Henry), 1878-1963.
Two other names are familiar to absolutely everyone:
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 1884-1962.
Roosevelt, Franklin D. (Franklin Delano), 1882-1945.
-I found some more information linking Fiorello H. Laguardia to The Amalgamated Housing Cooperation, but I can't seem to load it. It's the third document from the Amalgamated Housing link on the home page. It mentions about his reaction to the building of housing for the union, taken from a dinner or meeting that he went to.
More Based on the Amalgamated Housing: The History of a Pioneer Co-Operative 1927, Bronx New York(1/2)
- This article is broken down into clear pieces in where it describes all of the housings available even throughout World War I.
Hardships- Throughout this period of time due to a small amount of supplies no bulidings were available and also beacuse of no construction materials.
Landlords & Their power: Landlords would throughout this entire war time take advantage of desperate tenants who in order to have a home will keep up with their high price ranges. However, when the war was done with many veterans just decided that it was best for them to go back home and this left the nedd for housing at its weakness.
Questions that came to mind: What is the importance of writing about both the advantages of the Amalgamated Housing Union and the disadvantages of the Amalgamated Housing Cop.? "It was offered to us to demonstrate that through cooperative efforts we can better the lot of our co-workers. We have also been given the privilege to show that where all personal gain and benefit is eliminated, greater good can be accomplished for the benefit of all. It remains too for the members of our Cooperative Community to exert their efforts to run this cooperative and make it more useful, and more interesting, for all who live in these apartments"- Abraham E. Kazan http://www.amalgamated-bronx.coop/ -This quote from the founder of the Amalgamated Housing Cop. shows the devotion and effort that Kazan was trying to bring to others by providing sufficient apartments.
Based on the Radical Builders in The Bronx article (Using Four R's Method)
-Main Idea: The history of Amalgamated Houses has become a memorable topic due to the fact that it changed the way of housing throughout the entire country.
-Key Ideas: "It was a vision of utopia, in a city notorious for its tenement slums and crowded immigrant ghettos." The idea of utopia apperaed once again.
-Question: Why do they invision the community as of utopia?
Blue Paragraph- Throughout time the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America started showing how effective the cooperation can be. They showed this by all of the physical expansion and changes made for the benefits of the cooperators. The cooperation wanted to look for the best of the best for everyone including the new people arriving to the amalgamted or even new immigrants arriving. According to the document "New Law Starts Housing Projects," the cooperation was looking for the best things to satisfy the needs of the new- upcoming people and also the alreday existing people. For example, the complexes were built to show complete stability in the community. The complexes were also built to the easy access to places such as, Van Cortland Park, Dewitt Clinton High School, Public School 95, and also close to the IRT and independent subway lines. All of these changes made showed the effort and the strive to make the Amalgmated Housing Cooperation a place of comfort for everyone. The expanison of the cooperation came to an inmense rise. The Union took the cooperators needs to a serious manner.
Blue Paragraph II- Countinuing on with all the positive changes made by the Union to satisfy the needs and requirements of the cooperators the housing cooperative expanded to allow more residents to join in previously occupied areas. Going along with more of the expansion going on a sixth bulding was already on its way after the five successful buldings of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America Coorperation opened in honor of the Union workers opened on Christmas Day in 1927. "Model Houses Viewed" was the document which showed how effectively and all of the plans that were going to take place in order to make benefits to the housing complexes. "When completed, the houses will contain an auditorium, lecture room, library, and other rooms devoted to community enterprises." This shows how the Amalgamated Clothing Workers Cooperation took into consideration the needs of the cooperators and all the other people entering the Amalgamated and wanted to make as many positive changes as possible to create a better living space for all.
Introduction Paragraph- Today's world is filled with absolutism, and control freaks, who govern and make all decisions for the people, so their opinions ultimately mean nothing. But a little while ago (about 75 years), the chain of cruelty was broken, and an organization was created only for the benefit of the people. It was run by a Union, a group of people dedicated to provide better living, pay, and treatment for the people involved. It was called the Amalgamated Coop, and because of it's revolutionary "laws created by the cooperators for the betterment of the group" plan, it is still in existance today.
Green Paragraph- Paragraph I: Upon moving into the Coop from the Lower West Side, immigrants, usually Jewish, found themselves in the lap of luxury, being offered so many new and exiting choices to take up their time. One of those choices was to become more active communally in the community. The new residents, though now having choices, did not disregard their past. Many comming from communism decided that they would be used to that style of governing. So they elected a leader that represented that branch of government. But they were no soursports. They knew the feeling of defeat, after some came to "the promised land" and found that the streets were not, in fact, paved with gold. They felt for the losing party, and the moment of their victory, sent condolenses and "great job, better luck next time" 's to the losing side. Remember now, they did not have the opportunity to have such an impact on how they would like to be lead. So their taking advantage of this opportunity to become more active in the community is one way the community as a whole demonstrated how the idea of this kind of a neighborhood could be unprecedented, and have a significant mark on history.
Paragraph II: Some other communal opportunities offered to the new awe-filled residents of the Amalgamated were many different clubs, with something for everyone to be involved in. For the women, there was the program committee, sewing clubs, knitting clubs (which are still in full swing), and tending to a garden they now had the opportunity to own, which would let them grow what ever they felt they would need, such as flowers to beautify, or vegetables to nourish. For the men, there were concerts and lectures they could attend, besides the community hall (still in it's glory) where they could schedule events by themselves for their friends and family to attend, for special occasions. The children had no worries as well. There were more than one park nearby, but there was no reason to go to them. The streets, clean of garbage, were the perfect play-area for most children, and they played stickball, catch, kickball, rode bikes, played frisbee, and more. They could also stay out later playing where before they needed to come home at a specific time, as it was a matter of safety, which they didn't have. Now they could stay out, until after the street light turned on, and be called in by their mothers through the clean secure windows, to their homes.
Responsibilties, completed or to be completed...Sashey: Intro paragraph, Purple-topic derived paragraph, Blue-topic derived paragraph
Rachel: Intro paragraph, Green-topic derived paragraph
Green: Two paragraphs- opportunities, of communal AND physical things.
Blue: Physical expansion or changes made for cooperators
Red: Politcs and finances
Purple: appreciation or loyalty
Tribute to Milani Lawrence. The following date and time represents the last time the group members working dilligently on this page came into contact with Milani, even if not directly. We mourn the absense of our friend and groupmate, and hope she has coffee what ever planet she is on, so she can wake up and realize that we need her. And Chuck. And the Institute. And Kaplan, etc. Feb 26, 2008 4:33 pm Goodbye Milani. -Sashey Pimentel and Rachel Margolin
Information for our Radial Web: Amalgamated Cooperative in Bronx Ready to Open 151 New Apartments
- The housing cooperative expanded to allow for more residents to join in the previously occupied area.
- They are scheduled to build another in favor with their current residents in the vicinity.
- Because of all the helpful building being undertaken by the Union, more than 70% of the residents still live there, showing that this was beneficial to not only the people living there themselves, evidence by the fact that they have not left, but also to the Union, as their housing projects were a success and the people who find themselves living there are in paradise, and have no reason to leave.
For a Working-Class Dream, a New Day- "Many new residents were recent immigrants, members of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers Union, who were fleeing the squalor of the Lower East Side. To them, their new home in the north Bronx looked like Shangri-La."
- It is evident that the cooperators needs were undertaken by the Union by the Union's expansion from 303 households to 1,500 with a three-year waiting list in no time flat.
- The housing complexes were maintained by the Union, which was a non-for-profit organization, meaning good for cooperators, AND people in charge of cooperators.
Flats for Workers- This article somewhat implies that the Union relied on the cooperator's opinions because they thought them influential and used those opinions to come up with better ways to improve the apartments the Amalgamated provided for all types of people, whether they be union workers, or non-union workers.
Opens Bronx Homes for Union Workers- Five buildings the ACWA had already erected in their (the Union workers) honor were already tenanted when they were officially opened on Christmas Day in 1927, and a sixth was on it's way.
Leftists Win ALP Vote- After the Leftists won the vote by an overwhelming 600 votes to 150, because of their background, they immediately phenotyped a peace offering to the Right wing, saying that they had put up a good fight, and they respected that. This proves that because the voters had come from places of hardship, when they voted, they voted for a better life run by people they thought could bring change, something they had never been offered the opportunity to rally for.
- After the elections took place, and the results were completely comprehended, Hillman stated, "The vote in today's election shatters the fiction, carefully developed by the party leadership, that if they were defeated it would be as a result of a Communist vote. No one will believe their nonsense that such a great section of the ALP electorate which voted them out of office today is Communist. As every honest man and woman knows, they are bone fide members of trade unions genuine liberals and progressives, farmers and middle class. To call them Communists was only a desperate attempt to befog the issues in the primaries just concluded in order to maintain power at all costs." With this statement, he showed that althought the voters decided to have Communism run them for awhile, they were mainly voting for the ideas of that party, and not their military or political background. Perhaps they even liked that style of governernment, as it is most structured, and many of the people voting had come from an area in the world to the Houses from Communistic rule. This proves that the background of the people who moved into the Houses, and were finally given the priviledge to vote, had an impact on the government and eventually laws by voting for a person/people they thought could give them the best way of living. - Sashey: Don't write down anything before "With this statement...".
- Kazan appointed Hillman to fix the issue of needing more housing. With the above statement, and the confidence needed to say such a thing, he did absolutely complete his task. (In my opinion)
Housing Project Brings New Life to WorkersModel Houses Viewed
- "When completed, the houses will contain ...[sic]... an auditorium, lecture room, library, and other rooms devoted to community enterprises." The importance of this completion with all it's goodies is the attention the Amalgamated Clothing Workers Union is paying to the people who have come to do open house in the not yet completed Houses. This proves that the people who designed and contructed the projects were thinking of the people migrating from the Lower East Side while building, and their needs, and thing they would not ordinarily have, to give it to them. This is the influence (from our TQR), in a nutshell.
Model Tenements Nearly All Rented- The people showed their appreciation of the Amalgamated Housing's effort by flocking in great numbers and filling up the tenements to nearly %100, which tells the Union that not only did they get it right in predicting what the cooperators would want in a housing development, but it also shows that they people were overly satisfied, and happy about it.
New Law Starts Housing Project- Sidney Hillman left the company, upon his death, to a successor. This successor, as explained here, is suprisingly NOT Abraham E. Kazan, but another man, Jacob S. Potofsky, but this man became director, and, as Kazan knew what the people would want, because the organization leader, directly taking Sidney Hillman's place. Looking for the greatest opportunities for the community, atleast half of the new apartments will be reserved, according to Kazan, for veterans. This is beneficial to all of the cooperators, and it shows how very revolutionary the Amalgamated Houses are in the history of housing complexes, as not only are they taking a risk by letting out half of the apartments to the elderly, and the veterans, but they helped to establish the new law that said that organizations could take up to 6% in income for the company as to withstand the idea that it is not-for-profit. Extremely beneficial for the people who live in those houses.
- Looking for the best things for the new people arriving in the community and those who are already there, the complexes were built for easy access to everything a new immigrant, and even a person striving for what ever they can get, needs, such as the closeness to Van Cortlandt Park, P.S. 95, De Witt Clinton High School, and it's nearness to the IRT and Independence subway lines. It is built on 7 acres of land.
Rent Rebates Declared- Oh, this is deffinitely for the people! The first line in this document/article is that the tenants in the Houses get rent rebates that amount to almost $30,000 (by both the Houses in the Bronx, and the ones in Manhattan). The actual amount is $21,175, which is such an amazing amount, meaning that the non-profit organization that runs it is thinking ONLY of the tenants, and their hardships, and is contributing toward solving the problem of the families not having as much money as they could, and working hard jobs in the Union, or out of it. This development comes out 17 years after the complexes were first built. This is extraordinarily revolutionary, meaning no organizations in the past had thought SOLELY of the people!
Opens Bronx Homes for Union Workers- NOTE: include how drastic the change was from the slums to the Amalgamated Housing Projects
- Representative F. H. LaGuardia characterized the completion as "the greatest step forward in housing improvement ever made in this city".
For A Working-Class Dream (The perfect Amalgamated Housing article for our TQR!)T/Q/R: We are studying the cooperator's influence on the laws and regulations of the Union because we want to prove how unprecedented the movement was on the history of housing complexes.
(T)Topic: We are studying...
- The people and how they were treated by the organization
- The way the organization was changed by the people
- The changes the organization had to make because of the people and for the people
- The changes the organization itself went through from the 1920s to the 1950s
- How the organization has impacted us today
- "We are studying the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America's relationship with cooperators and how the history of those cooperators affected the way they were treated later by the 'union' organization as a whole."
(Q)Question: ...Because we want to prove how/why...(R)Rationale: ...In order to understand how/why/what
Research questions for primary and secondary documents
- -Sashey
- What is a housing cooperative? Why was it considered so innovative?
- -Milani
Answer to Q#2: A housing cooperative is, as described by trusty wikipedia, as a legal entity, usually a corporation, that owns real estate; one or more residential buildings. The full description is through this link : Definition of a Housing CooperativeI think it was (or is) considered so innovative because since it was owned by a corperation, or business, the neccessities of the people living within the coop or group owned by the corperation are treated with business-like impromptu. If a pipe leaks, it's fixed because it would delay business agreement between managers and residents. Because of that, each housing cooperative will flourish because of the business relationship that enhances each neighborhood.
Title: Amalgamated Cooperative in Bronx Ready to Open 151 New Apartments
Remembered notes:
OUTSTANDING WORK!!!!
Keep plowing through the secondary source material. Each of you should have completed the reading, using the Topic/Main Idea/Important Detail format for note-taking. If you have not done so, you want to finish this up IMMEDIATELY. Since none of you read all the secondary sources, you will need to more collaboratively to create a full chronology of the construction and development of the Amalgamated Housing
I'm very pleased with the work I'm seeing on this page!
Chuck
-Information from Opens Bronx Homes for Union Workers (summary)
In article from NY Times, published on December 26, 1927, at the referred to dinner, which is the exact one I was talking about in this link (http://www.amalgamated-bronx.coop/roosevelt.html), one of the speakers, Representative F. H. Laguardia characterized the completion of the unit as "the greatest step forward in housing improvement ever made in this city". Fiorello H. Laguardia is talking about the project that was completed that put 303 families in homes that rented for $11 a room. The reason for the dinner was to congratulate everyone on the success of almost completely filling up 5 out of 6 buildings made by the Amalgamated Clothing Workers. Those buildings are 5 stories in height, and are located a block from Van Cortlandt Park South between Dickinson and Sedgwick Avenues. Attending the dinner, are about 500 people, the dinner of which is located at Ambassador Hall, Third Avenue, and Claremont Parkway. The cost to raise the building was $1,825,000. The purchasing price for a room is $500, and rent is only $11. Credit for financing goes to the Amalgamated Clothing Workers National Bank and the Jewish Daily Forward. The Union says that just because you don't work in the clothing industries doesn't mean you can't live there. These buildings are all newly refinished with showers, running water, electricity, gas stoves, and so on, as in "new" for the 1930s or so. Each building has a music room, reception room, and gymnasium. Other speakers at the reception were United States Circuit Judge Julian Mack , Justice Jacob Panken, and the President of ACWA, Sidney Hillman, information of whom is below. The toastmaster position was performed by the President of the ACW National Bank, Adolph Held.
A really nice summary!! I especially like the way you link the information from the newspaper article to previously discovered material. This skill will come in handy in the next phase of the project. Continue to keep track of names. It might not be a bad idea to create a chart on this page that includes a person's name, the organization(s) with which he/she is affiliated, and the name/date of the source where you found the information. This will make it easier for you to find the information when it comes time to write the first draft of your essay. Remember also to include any questions that come to mind as you read through the information.
Secondary Source Information on Amalgamated Housing: The History of a Pioneer Cooperative 1927 Bronx, New York
Title: Amalgamated Housing: The History of a Pioneer Co-Operative 1927
Main Idea: Workers began to organize; they looked to unions; to protect them [sic] and improve their lot in life
Details: (directly from the article, page one)
- At the turn of the last century a vast influx of immigrants moved into the Lower East Side¹
- Poor people were housed in squalid, overcrowded, walk up tenements [sic] no sunlight or ventilation
- Shared toilets
- bathtubs in the kitchen
- large number of whom were Jews, labored in the sweatshops of the needle trades [sic] deplorable work situations
- living and working in equally desperate circumstances
- reaction to [sic] conditions I'm confused by this point. Are the following bullets examples of the Amalgamated's reaction to conditions? The immigrants' reaction to conditions? What were some of the reactions to conditions? Further explanation might be needed here.
- Amalgamated Clothing Workers Union (See above)
- World War I [sic] decent shelter continued to be in short supply
- no new building [sic] lack of construction materials [sic] labor
- landlords [sic] in control [sic] took advantage of their captice tenants [sic] raising rents and evicting people who could not afford to meet the new rates
- veterans, wanting to marry and have children, returned home [sic] need for more housing
- landlords were not [sic] to give up these profit generating tenements and continued buying and selling property, giving themselves permission to raise rents at will² I am a bit confused by your use of [sic]. I am having trouble identifying an error in the grammar/spelling/syntax that would require the use of [sic].
- turned out onto the street with all of their belongings legt at the curb
- organizing rent strikes Who was organizing rent strikes? A bit more explanation may be helpful here.
- took the indomitable³ tenants to court for non-payment of rent
- glutted with such cases
- president of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers Union was Sidney Hillman You seem to be shifting to a different topic here. It may be helpful to indicate this by indenting or using a new organizing pattern. Not a major problem. just something that may make your notes easier to sue.
- innovative labor leader and champion of worker's rights [sic] version of collectice bargaining [sic] industrial democracy
- not sufficient to provide workers with better working conditions without finding a way to improve [sic] living conditions
- appointed the director of the Amalgamated Cret Union, Abraham Kazan, to come up with a plan to solve the housing shortage [sic] middle and low income workers Another shift in topic.
- Kazan was a Russian socialist, progressive thinker, cultered, intelligent, financially concervative, commited How might Kazan's background have influenced his work on the Amalgamated Housing project? A good example of a question for further research if the answer is not provided by the document's author.
- " had idea of setting up non-profit organization for affordable housing
- concept was three legged stool⁴
- buy shares in cooperation which would give them stake...own a piece...not individual apartments...could not sell shares...could only sell back to cooperation...guaranteed shares would be repurchased when moving out by coop
Questions:¹Why did they leave to go to NYC?
Why during all this time did the need for housing not arouse more interest? GREAT example of a further research questions!!!
²Shouldn't land lords have been open to the idea of more housing? Because then there would be more people to scam...
³What does indomitable mean?
⁴What were the "three legs" of the "stool"? (Besides shares.)
Observation and note to remember: Hillman, Sidney, appointed Kazan, Abraham, to be director, and fix problem of needing more housing
-In the web-link from Franklin Roosevelt, from the Amalgamated Houses page, in the letter on that link, is the name Charles P. Steinmetz, who Roosevelt reffered to as a brilliant mind, and knew of him well enough to quote him directly, and enthusiastically, I might add. Where, when, why, how, did the future president meet up with a scientist, and devote time to learning of him, and enough to memorize quotes? Was there some kind of meeting of some sort that Governor Roosevelt obtained with Scientist/Mr. Steinmetz? Why was Mr. Steinmetz talking about cooperation in the one quote Roosevelt sent to Mr. Liebman in a letter from Georgia? Why did Roosevelt decide to use Mr. Steinmetz' quote? Very confusing, as well as interesting... A good example of thoughtful speculation. You may stumble upon data that may help you answer this question in later material. Will you recall the question as you read later material? Would a reorganizing of your notes here, adding a section for questions to ponder, help you keep this question in mind?
Here is the first page of a 26 page article written by John M. Jordan, about Mr. Steinmetz' achievements, comparing him to Thomas Edison, in the 1930s: Page 1 of Article written by John M. Jordan about Charles P. Steinmetz
-Just found out-- Governor Franklin Delano Roosevelt was succeded by Lieutenant Governor Lehman, the same Herbert H.(Henry) Lehman who the college was eventually named after. It is official...
-Even more brilliant discovery- The page itself is an overview of Herbert H. Lehman, but the way I got there was clicking on a link to Eleanor Roosevelt, and papers she personally wrote. One point made in the article was that he was actually in a sort of control of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, from 1943 to 1946. More to come. Have you shared this link with the research team that is working on the United Nations Security Council at Hunter College? The essay may contain information they team can use.
E. Roosevelt leads to H. Lehman?
-Unbelievable discovery!!! I found the information linking the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America and not only the future president Governor Franklin Delano Roosevelt, but also the infamous Lehman, also identified here as Office of the Lieutenant Governor Lehman, and referred to in the records of ArchiveGrid.org, which has historical sources from thousands of archives. Although I can't get the information off of the website without joining, it gives me a timeline to work from. Here's the link- Link between ACWA and Governor FDR Oh and by the way, the research strand started with the primary source document, the link in the Amalgamated Houses page under the name of the amalgamated website slash roosevelt. NICE job follow the research string! Please remind me of the website. If it contains useful documents, I may set up a membership for the Kingspark History Project. Thanks for bringing it to my attention.
-Under the secondary sources on the main Amalgamated Houses page, under the title of Amalgamated Houses, The History, the article talks about Sidney Hillman as the leader and founder of the organization. Here's some more info on Sidney Hillman:
Sidney Hillman Information (Research strand)
... That information distilled:
-Sidney Hillman lived from 1887 to 1946, a lifespan of 59 years. In those years, he founded an organization called the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America (ACMA). That program now is called UNITE!. He was the president from 1914 to 1946. He wanted more for workers, and better relationships between employers and workers. He made the two priorities within the ACMA education and political action. He wanted services to be offered to the workers both on and off the job, such as providing a wide variety of benefits and community services (direct quote).
-He was born in Zagare, Lithuania, part of the greater Russian federation, on March 23 of 1887. He was the son of a merchant (Hillman) and a shopkeeper (Paikin). At 14 he left home to become a rabbi, and then got caught up in the revolutionary movement. He left school, and joined an illegal Jewish trade union. He was arrested twice, and spent months in jail. After, he fled the country going to England (Manchester) and then America (Chicago), in 1907. He became an appprentice cutter in a garment factory, probably where he learned business skills and working with other people in an environment where the goal is not freedom, but employment itself. When a strike arose in 1910, as a revolt against the long hours and brutal conditions (direct quote), he tagged along with about a dozen women workers to become one of the strikes leading spokes-people. He had his employers recognize a a law of the United Garment Workers (UGW), and "agreed to settle future disputes by arbitration". He was rewarded for his contribution to the UGW by becoming a business agent for the new local. He served the organization with Jane Addams, Clarence Darrow, and other reformers who influenced Hillman's "evolving ideas about industrial democracy and the role of the unions". Do you have dates for the above activities? If so, you may want to include them here. Information like this should be included in the chart of characters mentioned above.
-He met his wife, Bessie Abramowitz in the 1910 strike, and they were married. She gave him two daughters.
-He was dissatisfied with the UGW and left with some others to form their own national organization (direct quote), the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America, and the rest is history!
-Important new development! Lieutenant Governer Lehman (still don't know the connection between this man and whether he was the man the college was named after) was taking a particular interest in the housing cooperation. Roosevelt says in the letter and hints that he is only really trying to make the world he lives in a better place... starting with the neighborhood. Why? Is there a hidden connection between the conspicuous Lehman and the Union? Nice question! Now that you've done a bit more reading, can you answer this question? You may want to include a parenthetical citation with the document name and the number of the page where you found the answer.
-I just found more information on Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who became president. Before he campaigned, he was the Governer of New York State, meaning that the Governer must have had some kind of special interest in the new housing complex that went up for the union clothing workers. In the letter (in the following link), he praises the cooperation for the peace and unity in the new housing complex. In that letter, there is a mention of a Lieutenant Governer Lehman, emphasis on the last name, Lehman, possibly the same Lehman who then had a college and then university named after him. I wonder if he is... and why would Governer eventually to be President mention his name in a letter with The Amalgamated in mind? Was he trying to put a good word in for the guy? I do understand the Governer's relation with Lieutenant Governer, but it seems in the letter that he put a certain importance on his name. Why?
http://www.amalgamated-bronx.coop/roosevelt.html
http://www.amalgamated-bronx.coop/index.html
This site has a bunch of information as well as many links to other sites.
http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/EAD/htmldocs/KCL05619.html
-On the most recently posted site there was a list of names. There were two in particular, one of which pertains to Herbert H. Lehman, who is the "founder" (or so the website refers to him) of Lehman College. The other name is familiar to all of us: the "founder" (once again, faulty reference) of Laguardia High School.
La Guardia, Fiorello H. (Fiorello Henry), 1882-1947.
Lehman, Herbert H. (Herbert Henry), 1878-1963.
Two other names are familiar to absolutely everyone:
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 1884-1962.
Roosevelt, Franklin D. (Franklin Delano), 1882-1945.
-I found some more information linking Fiorello H. Laguardia to The Amalgamated Housing Cooperation, but I can't seem to load it. It's the third document from the Amalgamated Housing link on the home page. It mentions about his reaction to the building of housing for the union, taken from a dinner or meeting that he went to.
More Based on the Amalgamated Housing: The History of a Pioneer Co-Operative 1927, Bronx New York(1/2)
- This article is broken down into clear pieces in where it describes all of the housings available even throughout World War I.
Hardships- Throughout this period of time due to a small amount of supplies no bulidings were available and also beacuse of no construction materials.
Landlords & Their power: Landlords would throughout this entire war time take advantage of desperate tenants who in order to have a home will keep up with their high price ranges. However, when the war was done with many veterans just decided that it was best for them to go back home and this left the nedd for housing at its weakness.
Questions that came to mind: What is the importance of writing about both the advantages of the Amalgamated Housing Union and the disadvantages of the Amalgamated Housing Cop.?
"It was offered to us to demonstrate that through cooperative efforts we can better the lot of our co-workers. We have also been given the privilege to show that where all personal gain and benefit is eliminated, greater good can be accomplished for the benefit of all. It remains too for the members of our Cooperative Community to exert their efforts to run this cooperative and make it more useful, and more interesting, for all who live in these apartments"- Abraham E. Kazan http://www.amalgamated-bronx.coop/
-This quote from the founder of the Amalgamated Housing Cop. shows the devotion and effort that Kazan was trying to bring to others by providing sufficient apartments.
Based on the Radical Builders in The Bronx article (Using Four R's Method)
-Main Idea: The history of Amalgamated Houses has become a memorable topic due to the fact that it changed the way of housing throughout the entire country.
-Key Ideas: "It was a vision of utopia, in a city notorious for its tenement slums and crowded immigrant ghettos." The idea of utopia apperaed once again.
-Question: Why do they invision the community as of utopia?